l Carnitine reduces reactive oxygen species endoplasmic reticulum stress and maintains mitochondrial function during autophagy mediated cell apoptosis in perfluorooctanesulfonate treated renal tubular cells Scientific Reports Early research into L carnitine was often cited as underwhelming, showing negligible changes in muscle carnitine content and fat loss outcomes. However, these findings may have been limited by a short study window History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition L Carnitine in Mitochondria Encyclopedia MDPI The effects of L carnitine on renal function and gene expression of caspase 9 and Bcl 2 in monosodium glutamateinduced rats BMC Nephrology Springer Nature Link